In the Shadow of the Smokestack
an oral history of Mexican Americans in Morenci, Arizona

 

The Next Generation Speaks

These interviews were conducted with Morenci High School Graduates at the MHS/CHS Reunion- June 8, 2002 in Tucson. The question asked of each person was “How do you think your parents affected who you are today?”

"That’s a many faceted question. It’s not just a simple answer. I think of my parents, I have to think of two people who gave me guidance and direction as to what my life was going to be, also encouragement to be the best person I could be. But the first thing that I think of when I think of my parents is I think of teachers. My mother, my father were my first teachers: how to do things, how to take care of myself. But then as I was growing up they taught me how to interact with other people, certainly when I started school. I was in elementary school. These things were important to them; that I be a good citizen.

They also made me think things about personal pride, family pride, cultural pride, and also extended that further in pride as a citizen of this country, which is something I really didn’t think about much as a young man, a young boy. I remember being about seven years old when my mom told me that the United States was involved in a war in a place called Korea. I had no idea what that was. The one thing I remember about that is my mom telling me, “If you’re ever a soldier; don’t ever drop your rifle and run.” That didn’t make any sense to a seven-year-old boy but later on when I was in high school, there was always the emphasis on education, to better myself. My father would tell me, “I don’t want you to work in the mine.” My mom, of course would say, “If you’re going to work in the mine, get yourself a good job, a job where you don’t have to be as cold as your father’s been, as hot as your father’s been in his jobs.” So that was kind of something that I was having reinforced. I was always listening to my parents tell me those kinds of things.


I think this carried on when I was in high school. When I played on the football team, I just couldn’t quit. The other players, for whatever the reason or pride in our football team, pride of our high school, we just couldn’t lose to the other team or we couldn’t quit. You know, we lost some games but that was something that we never did; was allow ourselves to think that we couldn’t do something or we couldn’t overcome these difficulties and win a football game. Here again the reason we would think of ourselves but also I think one of the intangibles was the fact that we had our parents sitting in the stands. They were watching us and they were cheering us on, being that we were able to do something, to win a football game. Here again, something that’s not important in life as a football game was carried on by the community. Because I think it was evidenced by the fact that we had people from Morenci travel one hundred miles just to watch a football game. You know football players would have all of these parents traveling to watch a game. On Friday nights it was a big thing to have a football game in Morenci.


I think this also carried on later on with my parents in wanting me to go to college, which I chose not to do. I chose to join the military for my personal reasons. I wanted to travel around and see something besides Morenci. I’d lived in a small town. I think the population was five thousand, if we included the horses, chickens, and dogs that were there. (Laughs.) But I wanted to see something and I appreciated the fact that my parents would have helped me and supported me until I could’ve started working in the mine. I chose not to do that. When I was in the military, things were not easy for me. There were some times when I wished I could have been home back in Morenci but I remember my parents, what they would tell me. It helped me get through the tough times. After the military, I worked my way through college. I remember the nights, two, four o’clock in the morning and I’m studying and I’m asking myself, “Why am I doing this? Everybody else is in bed. Why am I still doing this?” I just kind of remember thinking my dad and my mom saying, “You’re gonna have to better yourself.” So I knuckled down and I did graduate from a four-year institution. I mean it’s not a major accomplishment, but thinking back, I was married and I had three children. I worked full-time and I went to school full-time. I almost got divorced because I took eighteen units and I worked full-time. That was a bit much but I was trying to get through the education process so that I could provide for my family.


Here I am thinking, “Why was I going through this.” It was something my father had done. Going back thinking of his times in the mine when he had been working through the hot weather, the cold weather, it’s something he had endured himself. So I guess that was what they passed onto me. The fact that I don’t give up. I have lessons from the past, not only from my parents, but my brother, and my sisters also conveyed the same idea that we have to do things for ourselves, for our family, and it’s important to us what people think of us as individuals. And collectively, what people think of our family, so law-abiding citizens? Yeah, we didn’t get into any serious trouble. There were things with the police department, with the sheriff’s department, but it was just minor stuff.

I think in the family as a whole, what did we learn? To be good citizens, to the best that we could be, to our potential within what we had as far as economic ability, wherewithal as to how far you want to go. It’s what you learn from your parents. You’re gonna go as far as you want to let yourself go. It’s not potential of how far you can get. It’s how far you let yourself go. I think that’s what I picked up from my parents and their ideas of what a person should be or at least how they think they should be. Also important is what other people think of you and not try to disappoint not only your family, extended family, but also the members of the community. Extend that further to be somebody that contributes to the community and is positive in the community, whether you’re attending church or helping with the PTA or helping with any community groups, getting involved with Little League, Girl’s Scouts, Boy Scouts, whatever. Just try to improve the situation where you’re at as a community member but more importantly as a family member. And I think that’s what I picked up from my parents."

J.D.

 

 

 

 

 

"They brought us up kind of strict and firm and I am what I am today because of that. I try to be fair and honest with everybody. I don’t want to cheat or lie because they used to punish us if we did. They brought us up right and said, “You treat everybody fair and honest, you don’t cheat or lie.” That’s the way we grew up. In the Catholic Church, my mother was a catechism teacher. She taught in Spanish and to this day everybody says, “Oh, I remember your mother, she taught my dotrina.” (Laughs.) Everybody knew her. We sang in the choir in church. I lived by the Catholic Church so most of my life, other than school, was the Catholic Church. That’s the way we were all brought up. All my brothers were altar boys and we sang in the choir. Our activities were around church. That’s the way we grew up. Still I can’t think of missing Mass on Sunday. In my whole life, I think I missed ten times and I’m sixty-seven years old! (Laughs.) So I was raised a Catholic and I’m a very devout Catholic. That’s the way my mother brought me up.

I was born during the Depression, 1935 and I can remember as we were getting older, they used to give food to the people, rations and they used to give the families and depending on how many people were in your family, it would depend on what rations they gave you. My mother always had more than enough for our family and she would give part of hers to other families that didn’t have as much as we did. She was always giving, always giving. I do too. I give as much as I can.

The war; my oldest brother was in the navy. All my brothers were in the service but I can’t remember any of them being involved in the war, the fighting, not like some of the other people in Morenci. They all served their term and then came home.

There was always a closeness [in Morenci]. Everybody knew everybody. You felt safe. You could leave your doors unlocked. It was just a friendly town and it was wonderful to grow up in a small town where you knew everybody and everybody knew you. You always had to be careful ‘cause you never knew who you were gonna meet when. [Be] careful what you said and what you did. (Laughs.) Especially the way my parents brought us up, strict.

I have three [grandchildren]. One is seventeen. We just went to New Mexico. My husband was a sponsor, he got confirmed. I have Anna who is fourteen. She’s going into ninth grade. I have a new one who was just born February 13th, Dominc Jonathan. My son just called me yesterday, “Mother, he’s got a tooth.” Just to teach them to love their families. We took our kids everywhere when they were growing up. Our kids are doing the same thing, just be a family; to do things together and love each other.

We had love from our parents. Our parents didn’t show the love but it’s there. As each generation comes in you show more and more. I learned a lot from my husband because they show their love. I learned from him and I passed it on to my kids. They’re the same way. They greet everybody with a hug and a kiss. That’s the way it should be but our parents weren’t that way but you knew they loved you. Because of the things they did for you; the love was there."

T.D.C.

 

 

 

 

 

"I think they had a great influence on my life and what I’ve done with my life, how I raise my family. They had a big impact on my life, absolutely. I’m glad that I was born and raised in a small town. My wife and I were talking about that coming back on the road that if I had to do it over, I would. Compare Morenci to a big city, Morenci would be the number one choice because of the influence that the parents have on their kids. It’s a tighter community where everybody knows everybody. I think it’s really a greater childhood, upbringing, especially because the parents have the tendency to participate more with their kid in a small town environment than they do in a bigger city. Because a lot of time they don’t know the teachers or they don’t have the time to get involved with their kid like they do in a small town. My parents used to go with me on scouting events to Cherry Lodge when I was in the Boy Scouts. They were there. that and many other places. I spent a lot of time up the trail on picnics and weekends. I’m glad it turned out the way it did.

Values? I guess good values, very good values. I’m glad I was raised in Morenci. I’ve done well with my life. The kids are a reflection of the parents. I think they did a very, very good job. I really loved both of them. We had our little troubles here and there but nothing deep, nothing big where it really affected the way I was raised.

It [Morenci] was a big family; growing up. La familia was, we were there! The barrio was there, the school, the church, the social activities. Everything was just one whole big family where everybody knew everybody. As long as the reunions are here, I’ll just keep coming back because it’s good memories. These are the people that I was raised with; that also play a very good part in my life, especially my schoolmates. I never got into any big trouble or nothing because I used to hang around with a good crowd. I guess in a sense I was lucky."

Joe Moreno

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

"My mom and dad were Mandy and Adelina Martinez, very beautiful people. From my mom and my dad, I learned everything that I am now. They made me proud of my heritage and everything that I stand for is because of them. I think that growing up in Morenci was kind of rough at first. Growing up, I remember on the playground not being able to speak Spanish and all that kind of stuff but that’s the way life was. We adjusted to it and we dealt with it.
Getting back to my parents, they were pretty awesome, both of them. I had seven brothers and sisters. We were in a little house there with three bedrooms with one bathroom. We survived it. It was just a different type of living.

Everything that I am today is because of my mom and my dad.
What they wanted for me? They wanted me to be happy. I think that was their biggest goal and to go to school and learn something, be a useful citizen and a loving person. That’s what my mother wanted me to be, my dad too. They were pretty awesome. That’s the way I think AC Hill and the old town of Morenci was that way. I remember walking down, you could hear the music, the Mexican radio station, tortillas being cooked. You’re walking to school and you smell all of these smells. I look back on it and it was something beautiful. In comparison to later on, I know that my kids grew up in Plantsite. It was different, it wasn’t the same. They still called it Morenci but it wasn’t Morenci. It wasn’t like the Morenci we knew as kids.

I think this is true with all these mining towns. I see in Ajo and I see in Miami/Globe do the same thing. I think it’s all part of those old mining towns. The people, they were in the same boat and they got along great, proud of where you came from.

My dad tried to go in the service and I remember that because I was just about five years. That was back in ’41. I remember him telling my mom, he wanted to join but they wouldn’t take him because there were three of us in the family and they figured he got too many mouths to feed so he didn’t go.
I think they worked a lot, many, many hours. They never had too much time off because they had to work. It was the hard times too. I remember I’d go through shoes within two weeks, I already had hole in them. In those days they had rations on shoes and you could only get a pair every two months or whatever it was. It was hard! I remember putting cardboard in my shoes to plug up holes. Not because there wasn’t any money but because you couldn’t get them.

Legacy [for my kids]? Just being who I am because of my parents. What I learned from them is that life is too short and don’t get carried away with these small problems that we face everyday. That’s the way my parents were. They said, “Don’t worry about the little stuff.” The only legacy that I have is that they be happy and they get an education and they’ve all done that and they’re all doing fine."

Manuel "Skippy" Martinez

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

"I don’t know where to begin. That is one thing that I really don’t know where to begin. The first thing was when I asked my father, “How come that you did not teach us or told us that we were discriminated against?” When I left Morenci, that we were treated so differently. He says, “We could have packed up and left.” He says, “But it made you so strong. You don’t look for it, you don’t find it. It was there, opportunities were missed, don’t miss them. Keep on fighting.” That was one thing that he told me. He says, “We stood by and let it happen but you guys are not.” That’s one of the things I remember most about my father.

The one thing I remember about my mom is just her jolliness. If things were not going well, it’s just, “Hey, brush it off, you’re gonna be okay.” When I quit school and so on and they brought me back. She says, “You need to finish this off.” I said, “I’m embarrassed.” “Be embarrassed all you want but go back and do it,” she says. “Not for me but for you, for you.” And I did. I didn’t want to. (Laughs.) I came back even though I thought this is not what I want to do. By her coaching, she got me back. I had gone to take care of an aunt and uncle and didn’t want to come back.

Some of the stuff that they taught us, just at home. I used to complain to them about not speaking Spanish in the public swimming pool, public theater. One time we were kicked out. I remember that one time. My father says, “Let’s go and we’ll talk to them. I fought in a war for freedom. I fought and I fought in a war. Let’s go and we’ll talk over this. They have stepped on my shoes, but they’re not gonna step on my children’s.” I cried and I said, “No, Dad. Let’s just leave it.” The ways things were I thought, he’ll get kicked out of town because that’s what happened to all of us. We got kicked out of town if we disagreed because of our different lifestyle. That’s one of the things that they also taught my children, fight for your rights. Complain! They’ll be there. My dad says, “I wasn’t made foreman, but I knew in my heart I could do it. I knew in my heart that I was the one that taught them once they were made foremen.” He says, “Don’t let this happen to you.” Especially to my son. He was such an influence on my children. My parents were best friends. Like my son is a lawyer, he [my dad] would say, “Be an ambulance chaser, but be a good one at it!” One thing he told him, “Remember always give some time to your people because they were left behind. We don’t stand as united as we should be.” He told my son that and I’ll always remember.

One of the things that I remember about my grandfather is when he was outside and my grandmother had died and he had been misplaced to my uncle’s home. He was outside just looking at my children play and I said grandpa, “What are you thinking about?” “Thinking? Mi’ja, I’m not thinking of anything. Look at your children. They were born with their hands closed wanting everything. My hands are open wanting nothing. I have what I wanted in my life.” I said, “Was it happy grandpa?” He says, “Yes, happy. Look at all of you and this came from two people!”

I’ll always remember that, my grandfather’s wisdom and just the happy times because we didn’t harbor on what was not given to us. We always had to fight for what we did. I remember going up in the trails when the strikes were long and we had no money. I remember going up in the trails and having to pick little plants. I said, “Mom, this is not right we can’t eat this. We’re not cattle, not cows. We can’t eat this.” “You will eat what will make you survive. We will not beg.” They opened it up for us, the older people. They opened up what we have for our children. They’re the ones, pioneers. They fought for everything.
I remember one time, I had told my mother and father, “I want to explore other religions.” I went to Jehovah, I went to Mormons, and Father came to our house. Father was going to kick me out of the Catholic Church. My father says, “We’re standing man as man. This is her right. She’s Catholic. This is her right as a citizen, to figure out who she is and where she wants to plant her feet.” I thought, that’s my dad. I had seen him in other lights before but this, he spoke and fought for my right. Father says, “We’ll leave it alone now.” (Laughs.) As it was, I stayed Catholic but it was the searching, what I wanted to do. It was just exploring, that was all. My mother was ready to do battle. (Laughs.) That I remember distinctly, that she stood at my back and said, “No one will get you from behind. Be in our church or what we had to go through.”

Then when I used to return home and see it like a concentration camp. Just vandalism. We were made out to be such bad people because all the lights at night, it was just like daylight. They would turn on these big lights that you didn’t have to have a flashlight because these lights were placed to give light everywhere, because of vandalism. Vandalism that happens everywhere. Vandalism that was taken towards our area that was mostly Mexican. That was in Morenci. We had the big lights that would face in areas. My father said, “It’s okay. We still choose to live here.” “You’re happy here?” “Yeah, we still choose to live here.” He says, “This is our home. No matter what.” Just for having a difference of opinion, he would be threatened by the company and stuff like that but he would still have the right to speak up so we spoke up. That’s how much my siblings and me. That I learned from him. I did learn that from both of them. They spoke up. This was my legacy. They gave it to my children. They were best friends. They were totally best friends. I can say my father might have been drinking, he was an alcoholic, but who wasn’t in that town. How could it be any other way if they hid so much from us? I don’t think that’s the route to go, to have hidden but they protected us. That’s why I think we’re not as prejudiced. We didn’t notice, because we weren’t taught this. Like he said, “We don’t have to live here but we do.”

Protected us in a sense. They must have buffered us because if they didn’t it up, we didn’t know we were different. We did not know we were different. I thank Mr. Glodis, this man from Massachusetts. Every time I did something wrong, of course he ran to my dad. This is the one teacher that did it. No body else did it. My father said, “That’s a good man. That is an excellent man. Learn from him.” Because remember we were the “unteachables.” We were all in one classroom and we didn’t know any better, mainly because it was never brought up by our parents. They never wanted us to see the difference. My father’s answer was, “We live here. We can leave but we choose to be here.” We did it their way because we liked living there. He says, “One day, you just fight for your rights.” We had a very great childhood because of that.

We were like any other dysfunctional family of course. Definitely a little bit dysfunctional; they worked so much. They came from a different era and they didn’t give up. They were hard workers. I don’t give up. I’m a hard worker and I keep my head up. One thing when people try to change my name in the English way. When I went to California, that’s one of the things my father objected to. He says, “Never let them call you (pronounces her last name as if it were in English). You are (pronounces it in Spanish). Always be proud of who you are. You are Mexican and I did that. I object to children having their names brought down to the English level, because it’s not so hard to pronounce last names if you try. This is who I am and that’s who I’ll always be. I have significance in this world so don’t change my name by bringing my name down to what you want it to be. My children are the same. They [my parents] gave that to my children. Like everybody calls them Doo-ran and my father always corrected them, “You’re Duran! There’s no Doo-ran.” He says, “Be proud of that.” My son and my kids are Durans. They pronounce it that way. That’s why we’re happy where we’re at. It might have been dysfunctional, but I’m happy with who I am. I’m happy and proud that we haven’t lost so much.

I miss home. God, I miss home. I miss him terribly. My children miss him. They still have their grandmother. They shared secrets with their grandparents about their lives. I’m their mother and they don’t share with me but they shared them with them. I think it’s wonderful. They call her Mom and they called him Dad Dominguez. I thought it was wonderful because at one time I thought his drinking was getting in the way. That’s not who he is. He knew I had told my children. He came to my children and my mom came to my children and he says, “I act a certain way when I’m drunk but you know me when I’m sober and that’s the majority of the time so it’s up to you to accept for who I am, unconditionally. I’m one person when I drink or not. You can discard me but don’t.” My children says, “There’s no way we would ever give you up, never, even with your grumpiness and your yelling and so on! Never!” They says, “We know two people in you and all of that is overshadowed.” I knew that my children loved him unconditionally.

One thing my kids did say about my mother. One day someone had asked me, “God, your kids love your mother. They seem to love her more than they do you.” I said, “Imagine! That’s all I can give my mother is my children’s love. I don’t have anything else.” I asked my daughter, “How much do you love you me?” She says, “I love you all the way to God’s tender hands.” “How much do you love your ma?” “Oh gosh,” she says, “al the way to God’s tender face!” Coming from a child! And this is my child. My mother has made me proud. My son tried to graduate from law school so his grandfather would know that he was a lawyer. He says, “Not an ambulance chaser, but corporate, grandfather!” He says, “I’ll leave the ambulance alone. This is for you! I became a professional because you led the way.” And he did! He led the way! We keep on going and I’m glad. I’m really happy with who I’ve become. I’m not only content and happy but what Joe and I have as parents. I love his parents as much as I do mine and he feels the same way about mine. I’m glad. It took a long time to get there. (Laughs.)

M.D.D.

 

 

 

 

 

 

"I think that there’s not enough words to answer that. I guess the main word would be “support” because they were always there in every way that you can imagine. That’s so important when you’re growing up and going through the crisis that come one after another as a kid. They were always there for us. They supported us education-wise. They stressed that. That was a high priority.

It was a small town and everybody there seemed to have similar values and we were fortunate that everybody had jobs that were better paying than other places. Of course the educational system there in Morenci was, I think, second to none."

R.V.